|  | 2021 | 2020 | 
|---|---|---|
| Interest on employee benefits | -20 | -39 | 
| Interest on derivatives | -253 | -198 | 
| Interest owed to banks | -38 | -44 | 
| Interest on subordinated liabilities | -44 | -44 | 
| Interest on borrowings | -1 | -1 | 
| Other interest expenses | -6 | -5 | 
|  |  |  | 
| Total interest expense | -362 | -331 | 
Included within interest owed to banks is an amount of € 31 million (2020: € 32 million) relating to negative interest paid on cash and cash equivalents.
The following items have been added to your collection